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Syrians

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about Syrians as the majority inhabitants of the country of Syria. For other uses, see <a href="Syrian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Syrian (disambiguation)">Syrian (disambiguation)</a>. For Syrians outside of Syria, see <a href="Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian diaspora</a>.</div>

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Syrians</li><li>سُورِيُّون</li><li>Sūriyyūn</li></ul></div></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Flag_of_Syria" title="Flag of Syria">Flag of Syria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">41,974,216</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> 25,255,139 (2025 estimate)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrian_Brazilians" title="Syrian Brazilians">4,000,000</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrians_in_Turkey" title="Syrians in Turkey">3,600,000</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrian_Argentines" title="Syrian Argentines">1,500,000</a><a href="#cite_note-Amerika-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-escuelas-6">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-IOM-7">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrians_in_Jordan" title="Syrians in Jordan">1,200,000</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrians_in_Lebanon" title="Syrians in Lebanon">1,129,624</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrians_in_Germany" title="Syrians in Germany">712,000</a><a href="#cite_note-dw.com-10">[9]</a> – 973,000<a href="#cite_note-dw.com-10">[9]</a> – 1,281,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Syrians in Saudi Arabia">500,000</a><a href="#cite_note-Arab_news-13">[12]</a> – 2,500,000<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrian_Venezuelans" title="Syrian Venezuelans">400,000</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> – 1,000,000<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></th><td class="infobox-data">295,000<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">281,331</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hitti-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">263,899<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">250,000<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-Palestinos_61%,_Sirios_25%,_Lebaneses_4%_del_total_Cercano_Oriente-28">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Syrians_in_Kuwait" title="Syrians in Kuwait">150,000</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">150,000<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80,000 <a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">77,050<a href="#cite_note-Statistics_Canada-37">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000 – 250,000<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">55,321<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></th><td class="infobox-data">54,000<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> – 84,700<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">49,779<a href="#cite_note-Statistic_Austria-47">[46]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">42,207<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></th><td class="infobox-data">36,026<a href="#cite_note-immigrant_population_2020-49">[48]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11,188<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a> (<a href="Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,333<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,848 England & Wales<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> unknown in Scotland<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> and 2,000 in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8,227 (Syrian born)<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,250<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,000<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,922<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (<a href="Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">3,120<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,000<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,091<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"> <a href="Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> (<a href="Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1,000<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a> and <a href="Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian Arabic</a></li><li><a href="Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic (Syriac)</a> and <a href="Languages_of_Syria" title="Languages of Syria">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Mainly <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (mostly <a href="Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, minority <a href="Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'as</a>, <a href="Alawite" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawite">Alawite</a>)</li><li>Minorities <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (mostly <a href="Antiochian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox">Antiochian Orthodox</a> and <a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melkite Greek Catholic">Melkite Greek Catholics</a>; a minority of <a href="Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a>, <a href="Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, <a href="Chaldean_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaldean Catholic">Chaldean Catholic</a>)</li><li><a href="Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li><li><a href="Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Judaism</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="Iraqi_Sunni_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Sunni Arabs">Iraqi Sunni Arabs</a>, <a href="Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a>, <a href="Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinians</a>, <a href="Jordanian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian people">Jordanians</a> and other <a href="Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arabs</a> </td></tr></tbody></table>

Syrians (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سوريون) are the majority inhabitants of <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, indigenous to the <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, most of whom have <a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, especially its <a href="Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine</a> and <a href="Mesopotamian_Arabic" title="Mesopotamian Arabic">Mesopotamian</a> dialects, as a mother tongue. The <a href="Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">cultural</a> and linguistic heritage of the Syrian people is a blend of both indigenous elements and the foreign cultures that have come to rule the land and its people over the course of thousands of years. By the seventh century, most of the inhabitants of the Levant spoke <a href="Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>. In the centuries after the <a href="Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in 634, Arabic gradually became the dominant language, but a minority of Syrians (particularly the <a href="Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Syriac_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Syriac</a>-<a href="Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> retained <a href="Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Aramaic (Syriac)</a>, which is still spoken in its <a href="Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern</a> and <a href="Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western</a> dialects.

The national name "Syrian" was originally an Indo-European corruption of Assyrian and applied to Assyria in northern <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, however by <a href="Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">antiquity</a> it was used to denote the inhabitants of the Levant. Following the Muslim conquest of the Levant, Arab identity gradually became dominant among many Syrians, and the ethnonym "Syrian" was used mainly by <a href="Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> in Levant, Mesopotamia and Anatolia who spoke Syriac. In the 19th century, the name "Syrian" was revived amongst the Arabic speakers of the Levant. Following the establishment of the <a href="Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab Kingdom of Syria</a> in 1920, the name "Syrian" began to spread amongst its Arabic speaking inhabitants. The term gained more importance during the <a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon</a>, becoming the accepted national name for the Arabic speakers of the Syrian Republic.

Most Arabic-speaking Syrians identify as Arabs and are described as such by virtue of their modern-day language and bonds to <a href="Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab culture</a> <a href="Arab_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab history">and history</a>. But they are, in fact, genetically a blend of the various <a href="Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a>-speaking groups indigenous to the region.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadroDouaihyHaberYouhanna2013-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-SibaiPlattHaberXue2009-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph200030-70">[69]</a> There is no contradiction between being an Arab and a Syrian since the Syrian Arab identity is multi-layered and being Syrian complements being Arab. In addition to denoting Syrian Arabs, the term "Syrian" also refer to all Syrian citizens, regardless of their ethnic background. In 2018, Syria had an estimated population of 19.5 million, which includes, aside from the aforementioned majority, <a href="Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a>, <a href="Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians</a>, <a href="Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmen</a>, <a href="Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a> and others.

Even before the <a href="Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Civil War">Syrian Civil War</a>, there was a large <a href="Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">Syrian diaspora</a> that had emigrated to North America (<a href="Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">United States</a> and <a href="Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Canada</a>), <a href="Member_state_of_the_European_Union" title="Member state of the European Union">European Union member states</a> (including Sweden, France, and <a href="Syrians_in_Germany" title="Syrians in Germany">Germany</a>), South America (mainly in <a href="Syrian_Brazilians" title="Syrian Brazilians">Brazil</a>, <a href="Syrian_Argentines" title="Syrian Argentines">Argentina</a>, <a href="Syrian_Venezuelans" title="Syrian Venezuelans">Venezuela</a>, and <a href="Syrians_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrians in Chile">Chile</a>), the <a href="West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> Africa, <a href="Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Australia</a>, and <a href="Syrian_New_Zealanders" title="Syrian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dias-72">[71]</a> Six million <a href="Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees of the Syrian Civil War</a> also live outside Syria now, mostly in <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> as well as <a href="Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div>

Various sources indicate that the name Syria itself is derived from <a href="Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwian">Luwian</a> term "Sura/i", and the derivative <a href="Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> name: Σύριοι, Sýrioi, or Σύροι, Sýroi, both of which originally derived from the <a href="Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> word Aššūrāyu (<a href="Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>) in northern <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, modern-day Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> However, during the <a href="Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>, this term was also applied to <a href="The_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Levant">The Levant</a>, and henceforth the Greeks applied the term without distinction between the <a href="Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> of north Mesopotamia and <a href="Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> of the Levant.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications_of_the_name_in_antiquity">Applications of the name in antiquity</h3></div>

The Greeks used the terms "Syrian" and "Assyrian" interchangeably to indicate the indigenous <a href="Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a>, <a href="Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and other inhabitants of the <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, <a href="Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> considered "Syria" west of the <a href="Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>. Starting from the 2nd century BC onwards, ancient writers referred to the ruler of the <a href="Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> as the <a href="List_of_Syrian_monarchs" title="List of Syrian monarchs">King of Syria</a> or King of the Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> The Seleucids designated the districts of <a href="Seleucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucis">Seleucis</a> and <a href="Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a> explicitly as Syria and ruled the Syrians as indigenous populations residing west of the Euphrates (<a href="Aramea" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramea">Aramea</a>) in contrast to Assyrians who had their native <a href="Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">homeland</a> in <a href="Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> east of the Euphrates.<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_Identity-78">[77]</a> However, the interchangeability between Assyrians and Syrians persisted during the <a href="Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_Identity-78">[77]</a>

In one instance, the <a href="Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a> of the Hellenistic kingdom of <a href="Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Egypt</a> applied the term "Syrian Village" as the name of a settlement in <a href="Fayoum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayoum">Fayoum</a>. The Ptolemies referred to all peoples originating from Modern Syria and <a href="Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> as Syrian.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a>

The term Syrian was imposed upon Arameans of modern <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> by the Romans. <a href="Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> created the province of <a href="Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, which included modern-day Lebanon and Syria west of the Euphrates, framing the province as a regional social category with civic implications.<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_Identity2-80">[79]</a> <a href="Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> described the indigenous people of this newly created Roman province as "Syrians",<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> so did <a href="Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, who observed that Syrians resided west of the Euphrates in Roman Syria,<a href="#cite_note-Syrian_Identity2-80">[79]</a> and he explicitly mentions that those Syrians are the Arameans, whom he calls Aramaei, indicating an extant ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <a href="Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a> noted that the people called Syrians by the Greeks refer to themselves as Arameans.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a>

In his book The Great Roman-Jewish War, <a href="Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, a <a href="Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrew</a> native to the Levant, mentioned the Syrians as the non-Hebrew, non-Greek indigenous inhabitants of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> and <a href="Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></div>

Syrians are mainly descended from the various <a href="Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">ancient Semitic-speaking peoples</a> of the <a href="Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haber-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2013-87">[86]</a> The Seleucids ruled the indigenous peoples of the Levant, whom they named "Syrians", as a conquered nation; Syrians were not assimilated into Greek communities, and many local peasants were exploited financially as they had to pay rent for Greek landlords. Outside <a href="Greek_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonies">Greek colonies</a>, the Syrians lived in districts governed by local temples that did not use the Greek civic system of <a href="Poleis" class="mw-redirect" title="Poleis">poleis</a> and colonies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade20137-88">[87]</a> The situation changed after the Roman conquest in 64 BC; Semitic-speaking Syrians obtained the citizenship of Greek poleis, and the line separating the Greeks and the natives blurred. The idioms Syrian and Greek were used by Rome to denote civic societies instead of separate ethnic groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade20138-89">[88]</a>

Ancient Syria of the first millennium BC was dominated by the Aramaeans;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidltnzDQAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-90">[89]</a> they originated in the Northern Levant as a continuum of the <a href="Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> populations of Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2016123-91">[90]</a> The Aramaeans assimilated most of the earlier Levantine populations through their language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidltnzDQAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-90">[89]</a> With the adoption of a common religion, <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, most of the inhabitants turned into Syrians (Aramaeans). Islam and the Arabic language had a similar effect where the Aramaeans themselves became Arabs regardless of their ethnic origin following the <a href="Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidltnzDQAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-90">[89]</a> The presence of Arabs in Syria is recorded since the 9th century BC,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003319-92">[91]</a> and Roman period historians, such as <a href="Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, and <a href="Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, reported that Arabs inhabited many parts of Syria,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a298-93">[92]</a> which according to modern historians indicate either an ethnic group or a nomadic way of life.<a href="#cite_note-96">[note 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a319-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003320-95">[94]</a> The <a href="Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">urheimat</a> of the Arab ethnos is unclear; the traditional 19th century theory locates this in the Arabian Peninsula,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003322-97">[95]</a> while some modern scholars, such as David Frank Graf, note that the epigraphic and archaeological evidence render the traditional theory inadequate to explain the Arabs' appearance in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-102">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003334-99">[97]</a> The Arabs mentioned in Syria by Greco-Roman writers were assimilated into the newly formed "Greco–Aramaean culture" that dominated the region, and the texts they produced were written in Greek and Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200169-103">[100]</a> <a href="Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a>, the precursor of <a href="Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>, was not a literary language; its speakers used Aramaic for writing purposes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2003305-104">[101]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_Arabization">Linguistic Arabization</h3></div>

On the eve of the <a href="Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> conquest of the Levant, 634 AD, Syria's population mainly spoke Aramaic as the <a href="Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> while Greek was the language of administration. <a href="Arabization#The_Levant" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and <a href="Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a> of Syria began in the 7th century, and it took several centuries for Islam, the Arab identity, and language to spread;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Hassan2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFUPnSxbUREgCpgPA59_59]-106">[103]</a> the Arabs of the caliphate did not attempt to spread their language or religion in the early periods of the conquest, and formed an isolated aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulze201019-107">[104]</a> The Arabs of the caliphate accommodated many new tribes in isolated areas to avoid conflict with the locals; caliph <a href="Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> ordered his governor, <a href="Muawiyah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Muawiyah I">Muawiyah I</a>, to settle the new tribes away from the original population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1992292-108">[105]</a> Syrians who belonged to <a href="Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitic</a> denominations welcomed the Muslim Arabs as liberators.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1966[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLiJljEXvwAoCpgPA244_244]-109">[106]</a>

The <a href="Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasids</a> in the eighth and ninth centuries sought to integrate the peoples under their authority, and the Arabization of the administration was one of their methods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraida2012183-110">[107]</a> Arabization gained momentum with the increasing numbers of Muslim converts from <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Hassan2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFUPnSxbUREgCpgPA59_59]-106">[103]</a> the ascendancy of Arabic as the formal language of the state prompted the cultural and linguistic assimilation of Syrian converts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHYJ2c9E9IM8CpgPA191_191]-111">[108]</a> Some of those who remained Christian also became Arabized, while others stayed Aramean,<a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraida2012183-110">[107]</a> it was probably during the Abbasid period in the ninth century that Christians adopted Arabic as their first language; the first translation of the gospels into Arabic took place in this century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraida2012182-113">[110]</a> Many historians, such as <a href="Claude_Cahen" title="Claude Cahen">Claude Cahen</a> and Bernard Hamilton, proposed that the Arabization of Christians was completed before the <a href="First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllenblum2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiYgyRyL97oCpgPA53_53]-114">[111]</a> By the thirteenth century, the Arabic language achieved complete dominance in the region, with many of its speakers having become Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Hassan2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFUPnSxbUREgCpgPA59_59]-106">[103]</a>Those who retained the Aramaic language are divided among two groups:

<ul><li>The <a href="Eastern_Aramaic_languages" title="Eastern Aramaic languages">Eastern Aramaic</a> <a href="Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>-speaking group, followers of the <a href="West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a> of the <a href="Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syrian Catholic Church</a>; kept the pre-Islamic <a href="Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Syriac_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Syrian (Syriac)</a> identity throughout the ages, asserting their culture in face of the Arab dominance. Linguists, such as <a href="Carl_Brockelmann" title="Carl Brockelmann">Carl Brockelmann</a> and <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Lenormant" title="François Lenormant">François Lenormant</a>, suggested that the rise of the <a href="Garshuni" title="Garshuni">Garshuni</a> writing (using the <a href="Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac alphabet</a> to write Arabic) was an attempt by the Syriac Orthodox to assert their identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraida2012185,_186-115">[112]</a> Syriac is still the liturgical language for most of the different Syriac churches in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXzOMAgAAQBAJpgPA13_13]-116">[113]</a> The Syriac Orthodox Church was known as the Syrian Orthodox Church until 2000, when the holy synod decided to rename it to avoid any nationalistic connotations; the Catholic Church still has "Syrian" in its official name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Bagdadi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlZUBZlth2qgCpgPA280_280]-117">[114]</a></li>

<li>The <a href="Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western Neo-Aramaic</a>-speaking group, that is, the inhabitants of <a href="Al-Sarkha_(Bakhah)" title="Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)">Bakh'a</a>, <a href="Jubb'adin" title="Jubb'adin">Jubb'adin</a> and <a href="Ma'loula" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma'loula">Ma'loula</a>. The residents of Bakh'a and Jubb'adin converted to Islam in the eighteenth century (retaining their Aramean identity),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGzZQGgQOF9cCpgPA185_185]-118">[115]</a> while in Ma'loula, the majority are Christians, mainly belonging to the <a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroupeau1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0_wUAAAAIAAJpgPA308_308]-119">[116]</a> but also to the <a href="Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeldCummings2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfOlgDwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]-120">[117]</a> in addition to a Muslim minority, who speaks the same Aramaic dialect of the Christian residents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGzZQGgQOF9cCpgPA185_185]-118">[115]</a> The people of those villages use Arabic intensively to communicate with each other and the rest of the country; this led to a noticeable Arabic influence on their Aramaic dialect where around 20% of its vocabulary is of Arabic roots. Bakh'a is steadily losing its dialect; by 1971, people aged younger than 40 could no longer use the Aramaic language properly, although they could understand it. The situation of Bakh'a might eventually lead to the extinction of its Aramaic dialect.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrell1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0_wUAAAAIAAJpgPA308_308]-121">[118]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_the_designation_"Syrian"">Revival of the designation "Syrian"</h3></div>

The Arabs in Arabia called the <a href="Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">region of Syria</a> region <a href="Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">al-Sham</a> (<a href="Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بِـلَاد الـشَّـام, <a href="Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Bilād al-Šām, <a href="Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'the country of Sham') which became the dominant name of the Levant under the <a href="Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> and its successors. The geographic designation "Syria" returned in 1864 when <a href="Ottoman_Syria#1864" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> was reorganized and the name was used for a vilayet encompassing generally the southern Levant.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a> The use of the national designation "Syrian" however has its origin in the tense relationship between the Arabic-speaking Muslims and Christians of the Levant, where Christians wanted to distance themselves from the Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Groiss-123">[120]</a> Already in the 1830s, the Lebanese traveler As’ad Khayyat identified with the term Syria, but it took till the 1880s for the name to begin to be widely used by the inhabitants to refer to themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Groiss-123">[120]</a> Both Muslims and Christians agreed that the Muslims were not Syrians because they belonged to the Arabs while the Christians retained the Syrianism of antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-Groiss-123">[120]</a> The spread of the Syrian "idea" amongst the Muslims can be traced to the efforts of <a href="Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> who contributed to the formulation of the Syrian Union Party's manifesto in 1918, demanding that Syria, in the aftermath of World War I and the Ottoman withdrawal from the region, become an independent state and not part of larger Arab one ruled by the <a href="Hashemites" title="Hashemites">Hashemites</a> of the <a href="Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Kingdom of Hejaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Zisser-124">[121]</a> Rida did not reject the Arab identity but recognized a Syrian uniqueness and advocated the idea of a Syrian state.<a href="#cite_note-Zisser-124">[121]</a> In the end, Syria did become a separate state but under the Hashemite king <a href="Faisal_I_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisal I of Iraq">Faisal</a>. He entered Damascus in 1918 in the aftermath of the Ottomans' evacuation of the Levant at the end of World War I. His entry ignited the Syrian national consciousness after he declared an Arab government in the Levant centred in Damascus with him as prince.<a href="#cite_note-Salhi-125">[122]</a> In June 1919, the <a href="Syrian_National_Congress" title="Syrian National Congress">Syrian National Congress</a>, which included representatives from Palestine and Lebanon, demanded the full independence of Syria, within borders that encompass more or less the Levant; this helped to further strengthen the development of the Syrian national consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Salhi-125">[122]</a> Initially, most inhabitants were against the establishment of Syria as they considered this a step against Arab unity, but gradually, Faisal's Syria, which was declared an independent kingdom in 1920, prompted the Syrians to begin exploring the notion of Syrianism instead of pan-Arabism.<a href="#cite_note-127">[note 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Faisal was deposed by the French who established a <a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">mandate</a> in 1920, but the formation of a Syrian consciousness amongst the members of the Syrian Arab national movement solidified and spread amongst the Muslims as well as the Christians.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a> and <a href="Genetic_studies_on_Arabs" title="Genetic studies on Arabs">Genetic studies on Arabs</a></div>

Genetic tests on Syrians were included in many genetic studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadroDouaihyHaberYouhanna2013-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaberPlattBadroXue2011-131">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-SibaiPlattHaberXue2009-69">[68]</a> The <a href="Genetic_marker" title="Genetic marker">genetic marker</a> which identifies descendants of the ancient <a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levantines</a> is found in Syrians in high proportion.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> Modern Syrians exhibit "high affinity to the Levant" based on studies comparing modern and ancient DNA samples.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> Syrians cluster closely with ancient Levantine populations of the Neolithic and Bronze Ages.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> A Levantine ancestral genetic component was identified; it is estimated that the Levantine, the Arabian and East African ancestral components diverged 23,700–15,500 years ago, while the divergence between the Levantine and European components happened 15,900–9,100 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> The Levantine ancestral component is the most recurrent in Levantines (42–68%); the Peninsular Arabian and East African ancestral components represent around 25% of Syrian genetic make-up.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a>

The paternal Y-DNA haplogroup J1, which reaches its highest frequencies in Yemen 72.6% and Qatar 58.3%, accounted for 33.6% of Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> The J2 group accounted for 20.8% of Syrians; other Y-DNA haplogroups include the <a href="Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1B1B</a> 12.0%, <a href="Haplogroup_I-M170" title="Haplogroup I-M170">I</a> 5.0%, <a href="Haplogroup_R-M420" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R-M420">R1a</a> 10.0% and <a href="Haplogroup_R1b_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)">R1b</a> 15.0%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEl-SibaiPlattHaberXue2009-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeminoPassarinoOefnerLin2000-139">[135]</a> The Syrians are closest to other Levantine populations: the <a href="Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a>, the <a href="Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> and <a href="Jordanians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanians">Jordanians</a>;<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> this closeness can be explained by the common Canaanite ancestry and geographical unity which was broken only in the twentieth century with the advent of British and French mandates.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> Regarding the genetic relation between the Syrians and the Lebanese based on Y-DNA, Muslims from Lebanon show closer relations to Syrians than their Christian compatriots.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The people of Western Syria show close relations with the people of Northern Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a>

<a href="Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> shows the Syrians to have an affinity with Europe; main haplogroups are <a href="Haplogroup_H_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup H (mtDNA)">H</a> and <a href="Haplogroup_R_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup R (mtDNA)">R</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> Based on Mitochondrial DNA, the Syrians, Palestinians, Lebanese and Jordanians form a close cluster.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> Compared to the Lebanese, Bedouins and Palestinians, the Syrians have noticeably more Northern European component, estimated at 7%.<a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> Regarding the <a href="Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">HLA alleles</a>, Syrians, and other Levantine populations, exhibit "key differences" from other <a href="Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> populations;<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> based on <a href="HLA-DRB1" title="HLA-DRB1">HLA-DRB1</a> alleles, Syrians were close to eastern Mediterranean populations, such as the <a href="Crete" title="Crete">Cretans</a> and <a href="Armenians_in_Lebanon" title="Armenians in Lebanon">Lebanese Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> Studying the genetic relation between <a href="Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and Syrians showed that the two populations share a close affinity.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a> Apparently, the cultural influence of Arabian expansion in the <a href="Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> in the seventh century was more prominent than the genetic influx.<a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a> However, the expansion of Islam did leave an impact on Levantine genes; religion drove Levantine Muslims to mix with other Muslim populations, who were close culturally despite the geographic distance, and this produced genetic similarities between Levantine Muslims and Moroccan and Yemeni populations. Christians and <a href="Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> became a genetic isolate in the predominantly Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information on Syrian Arabic: <a href="Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a></div>

<a href="Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> is the mother tongue of the majority of Syrians<a href="#cite_note-CIA_-_TWF-152">[148]</a> as well as the official state language. The Syrian variety of <a href="Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a> differs from <a href="Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a>. <a href="Western_Neo-Aramaic" title="Western Neo-Aramaic">Western Neo-Aramaic</a>, the only surviving <a href="Western_Aramaic_languages" title="Western Aramaic languages">Western Aramaic</a> dialect, is still spoken in three villages (<a href="Maaloula" title="Maaloula">Maaloula</a>, <a href="Al-Sarkha_(Bakhah)" title="Al-Sarkha (Bakhah)">Bakh'a</a> and <a href="Jubb'adin" title="Jubb'adin">Jubb'adin</a>) in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains by both Muslim and Christian <a href="Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Aramean_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Arameans (Syriacs)</a>. <a href="Syrian-Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian-Assyrians">Syriacs</a> in the northeast of the country are mainly <a href="Turoyo_language" title="Turoyo language">Turoyo-Aramaic</a> speakers but there are also some speakers of <a href="Suret_language" title="Suret language">Suret-Aramaic</a>, especially in the <a href="Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabour Valley</a>. <a href="Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a> is also used as a liturgical language by <a href="Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christians</a>. English, and to a lesser extent French, is widely understood and used in interactions with tourists and other foreigners.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_minority_groups">Religion and minority groups</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Freedom_of_religion_in_Syria" title="Freedom of religion in Syria">Freedom of religion in Syria</a>, <a href="Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion in Syria</a>, <a href="Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Islam in Syria</a>, and <a href="Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christianity in Syria</a></div>

Religious differences in Syria have historically been tolerated,<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> and religious minorities tend to retain distinct cultural, and religious identities.

<a href="Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> is the religion of 74% of Syrians. The <a href="Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a>, a variety of <a href="Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, make up 12% of the population and mostly live in and around <a href="Tartus" title="Tartus">Tartus</a> and <a href="Latakia" title="Latakia">Latakia</a>. <a href="Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> make up 10% of the country. Most <a href="Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Syrian Christians</a> adhere to the <a href="Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Rite</a>; the two largest are the <a href="Antiochian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Church">Antiochian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> The <a href="Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> are a mountainous people who reside in <a href="Jabal_al-Druze" title="Jabal al-Druze">Jabal al-Druze</a> who helped spark the <a href="Great_Syrian_Revolt" title="Great Syrian Revolt">Great Syrian Revolt</a>. The Ismailis are an even smaller sect that originated in Asia. Many Armenian and Assyrian Christians fled <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> during the <a href="Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and the <a href="Assyrian_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian genocide">Assyrian genocide</a> and settled in Syria. There are also roughly 500,000 <a href="Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, who are mostly descendants of refugees from the 1948 Israeli-Arab War. The community of <a href="Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian Jews</a> inside Syria once numbered 30,000 in 1947, but has only 200 today.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a>

The Syrian people's beliefs and outlooks, similar to those of most Arabs and people of the wider Middle-East, are a mosaic of West and East. Conservative and liberally minded people will live right next to each other. Like the other countries in the region, religion permeates life; the government registers every Syrian's religious affiliation.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian cuisine</a></div>

Syrian cuisine is dominated by ingredients native to the region. <a href="Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">Olive oil</a>, <a href="Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>, <a href="Spearmint" title="Spearmint">spearmint</a>, and <a href="Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a> are some of the ingredients that are used in many traditional meals. Traditional Syrian dishes enjoyed by Syrians include, <a href="Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a>, <a href="Strained_yogurt" title="Strained yogurt">labaneh</a>, <a href="Shanklish" title="Shanklish">shanklish</a>, <a href="Dolma" title="Dolma">wara' 'enab</a>, <a href="Makdous" title="Makdous">makdous</a>, <a href="Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, <a href="Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a>, <a href="Sfiha" title="Sfiha">sfiha</a>, <a href="Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">moutabal</a>, <a href="Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="Manakish" title="Manakish">mana'eesh</a>, <a href="Okra" title="Okra">bameh</a>, and <a href="Fattoush" title="Fattoush">fattoush</a>.

A typical Syrian breakfast is a <a href="Meze" title="Meze">meze</a>. It is an assortment platter of foods with cheeses, meats, pickles, olives, and spreads. Meze is usually served with Arab-style tea – highly concentrated black tea, which is often highly sweetened and served in small glass cups. Another popular drink, especially with Christians and non-practicing Muslims, is the <a href="Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">arak</a>, a liquor produced from grapes or dates and flavored with <a href="Anise" title="Anise">anise</a> that can have an alcohol content of over 90% ABV (however, most commercial Syrian arak brands are about 40–60% ABV).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="List_of_Syrians" title="List of Syrians">List of Syrians</a></div>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History of Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Dobrujan_Arabs" title="Dobrujan Arabs">Dobrujan Arabs</a></li>

<li><a href="Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a></li>

<li><a href="Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a></li>

<li><a href="Al-Shaitat" title="Al-Shaitat">Al-Shaitat</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a></li>

<li><a href="Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Most numbers, aside from these of South American countries, represent all Syrian citizens including ethnic minorities such as the <a href="Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a>, <a href="Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians</a> and <a href="Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> What antiquity's writers meant by the designation "Arab" is debated; the historian Michael Macdonald suggested that the term is an ethnic designation based on an "ill-defined complex of linguistic and cultural characteristics",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a319-94">[93]</a> while according to academic consensus, "Arab", in addition to it being an ethnic name, had a social meaning describing a nomadic way of life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003320-95">[94]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Regarding the urheimat of the Arab ethnos: the traditional theory, which dates to the 19th century and became dominant in the middle of the 20th century, holds that Arabs were a Semitic wave from the Arabian peninsula who infiltrated Syria. The traditional theory does not explain the early presence of the Arabs in the Levant as it lacks the evidence for when and how they allegedly arrived from Arabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003322-97">[95]</a> Macdonald noted that there is no evidence proving that the inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula, especially modern Yemen, in the early Hellenistic period (fourth century BC), used the designation "Arab", and that it took several centuries for this ethnic name to be adopted by the majority of the peninsula's inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009b2-98">[96]</a> The historian David Frank Graf considered the traditional theory inadequate for explaining the Arab presence in the Near East. Graf noted the 4th century BC evidence from <a href="Edom" title="Edom">Edom</a>, south of the historical region of Syria, represented in a collection of ostraca, which show that the population was either "Arabized Edmoites" or "Edomite Arabs", and that this population was an integral part of the demography of southern Palestine and not a recent infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003334-99">[97]</a> The historian Robert Hoyland, noting the earliest attestation of Arabs in Assyrian sources in the Syrian desert in the 9th century, followed by their earliest attestation in Southern Arabian inscriptions in the seventh/sixth century BC, suggested that north and central Arabia was the homeland of Arabs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland2001230-100">[98]</a> Macdonald refused the paradigm of infiltration from Arabia, and considered the Syria/Arabia division a Western concept that would have been unrecognizable for Arabs who were supposedly migrating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2003317-101">[99]</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Even under Faisal, it was clear that the Arabic speakers in Syria considered themselves Syrians first and Arabs second; this is apparent in the response to the presence of Iraqi and other non-Syrian officials in Faisal's army and government. Syrians complained that they were becoming strangers in their own country, and slogans such as "Syria for Syrians" appeared in newspapers. The Syrian youth, an anti-Iraqi organization, was established declaring its desire to protect the rights of Syrians against non Syrians.<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/86447">"UNHCR Turkey: Operational Update – February / March 2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230521042542/https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/86447">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2023. Retrieved 25 June 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180305121532/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224">"UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response"</a>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224">the original</a> on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Amerika-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Amerika_5-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1">[ttps://web.archive.org/web/20120115104735/<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://amerika.revues.org/2746">http://amerika.revues.org/2746</a> "Amerika:La emigración Siria-Libanesa a Argentina"] [The Syrian and Lebanese emigration to Argentina]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amerika.revues.org/2746">the original</a> on 15 January 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-escuelas-6"><a href="#cite_ref-escuelas_6-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211122017/http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/bajarondelosbarcos/Colectividades/Turcos%2C%20sirios%20y%20libaneses/inmigraci%C3%B3n.htm">"Sirios, turcos y libaneses"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oni.escuelas.edu.ar/olimpi98/bajarondelosbarcos/Colectividades/Turcos,%20sirios%20y%20libaneses/inmigraci%C3%B3n.htm">the original</a> on 11 December 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-IOM-7"><a href="#cite_ref-IOM_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFThe_UN_Migration_agency" class="citation web cs1">The UN Migration agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://egypt.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1021/files/documents/migration-stock-in-egypt-june-2022_v4_eng.pdf">"Migration Stock in Egypt 2022"</a> (PDF). International Organization for Migration (IOM). Retrieved 15 September 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922075121/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=107">"UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response"</a>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=107">the original</a> on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150922071434/http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=122">"UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response"</a>. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=122">the original</a> on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-dw.com-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dw.com_10-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-syrian-community/a-71007863">"Germany's Syrian community — facts and figures"</a>. <a href="Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>. 21 February 2025. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250221065559/https://www.dw.com/en/germanys-syrian-community/a-71007863">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2025. Retrieved 21 February 2025.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/statistischer-bericht-migrationshintergrund-erst-2010220227005.htmll">"Statistischer Bericht – Mikrozensus – Bevölkerung nach Migrationshintergrund – Erstergebnisse 2022"</a>. 20 April 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230717102449/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Publikationen/Downloads-Migration/statistischer-bericht-migrationshintergrund-erst-2010220227005.htmll">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2023. Retrieved 17 July 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:1-12"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Gesellschaft-Umwelt/Bevoelkerung/Migration-Integration/Tabellen/migrationshintergrund-staatsangehoerigkeit-staaten.html">"Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten 2023 nach Migrationshintergrund"</a>. Federal Statistical Office of Germany. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Arab_news-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Arab_news_13-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJawhar2015" class="citation web cs1">Jawhar, Sabria (10 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/columns/news/804116">"KSA already home to 500,000 Syrians"</a>. Arabnews.com. Arab news. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150913134626/https://www.arabnews.com/columns/news/804116">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 7 March 2021.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.saudiembassy.net/press-release/saudi-arabia-received-25-million-syrians-beginning-conflict">"Saudi Arabia Received 2.5 Million Syrians since Beginning of Conflict | the Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia"</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSalloum2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Habeeb_Salloum" title="Habeeb Salloum">Salloum, Habeeb</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljadid.com/content/arabs-making-their-mark-latin-america-generations-immigrants-colombia-venezuela-and-mexico">"Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico"</a>. Al Jadid. 16 (30). Retrieved 18 January 2017. <q>These newcomers scattered throughout the country and are the core of today's 400,000 Syrians living in Venezuela... [t]hey have joined the approximately 500,000 prior immigrants and their descendants, reinforcing Arab culture amongst the older Arab community which had been almost totally assimilated.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSalloum" class="citation web cs1">Salloum, Habeeb. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljadid.com/content/arabs-making-their-mark-latin-america-generations-immigrants-colombia-venezuela-and-mexico">"Arabs Making Their Mark in Latin America: Generations of Immigrants in Colombia, Venezuela and Mexico"</a>. Al Jadid. Retrieved 15 January 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJordan" class="citation news cs1">Jordan, Levi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.as-coa.org/articles/syria-steps-latin-america">"Syria Steps into Latin America"</a>. Americas Society Council of the Americas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170116181208/http://www.as-coa.org/articles/syria-steps-latin-america">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2017. <q>Syria hopes will serve as an avenue to attract investment dollars from the one-million-strong community of Venezuelans of Syrian descent</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFComminsIrvineSmithHamidé2018">Commins et al. 2018</a>. Quote:"The Syrian people evolved from several origins over a long period of time. The Greek and Roman ethnic influence was negligible in comparison with that of the Semitic peoples of Arabia and Mesopotamia—Aramaeans, Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Canaanites."

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2013-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2013_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2013">Andrade 2013</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade20137-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade20137_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndrade2013">Andrade 2013</a>, p. 7.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidltnzDQAAQBAJpgPA30_30]-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidltnzDQAAQBAJpgPA30_30]_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidltnzDQAAQBAJpgPA30_30]_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoseph2000[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidltnzDQAAQBAJpgPA30_30]_90-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoseph2000">Joseph 2000</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ltnzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">30</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENovak2016123-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENovak2016123_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNovak2016">Novak 2016</a>, p. 123.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003319-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2003319_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraf2003">Graf 2003</a>, p. 319.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a298-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a298_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2009a">Macdonald 2009a</a>, p. 298.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a319-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a319_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009a319_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2009a">Macdonald 2009a</a>, p. 319.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003320-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2003320_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2003320_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraf2003">Graf 2003</a>, p. 320.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003322-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2003322_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2003322_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraf2003">Graf 2003</a>, p. 322.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009b2-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2009b2_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2009b">Macdonald 2009b</a>, p. 2.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraf2003334-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2003334_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraf2003334_99-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGraf2003">Graf 2003</a>, p. 334.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland2001230-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland2001230_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoyland2001">Hoyland 2001</a>, p. 230.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2003317-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2003317_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2003">Macdonald 2003</a>, p. 317.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyland200169-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyland200169_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHoyland2001">Hoyland 2001</a>, p. 69.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2003305-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald2003305_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2003">Macdonald 2003</a>, p. 305.

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<li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFFolmer2020" class="citation cs2">Folmer, Margaretha (28 February 2020), Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119193814.ch20">"Aramaic as Lingua Franca"</a>, A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages (1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 373–399, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781119193814.ch20">10.1002/9781119193814.ch20</a>, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-119-19329-6</bdi>, <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216244505">216244505</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015212133/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119193814.ch20">archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022, retrieved 15 October 2022</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Hassan2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFUPnSxbUREgCpgPA59_59]-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Hassan2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFUPnSxbUREgCpgPA59_59]_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Hassan2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFUPnSxbUREgCpgPA59_59]_106-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Hassan2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidFUPnSxbUREgCpgPA59_59]_106-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFal-Hassan2001">al-Hassan 2001</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FUPnSxbUREgC&pg=PA59">59</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchulze201019-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchulze201019_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchulze2010">Schulze 2010</a>, p. 19.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1992292-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1992292_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKennedy1992">Kennedy 1992</a>, p. 292.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarker1966[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLiJljEXvwAoCpgPA244_244]-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarker1966[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidLiJljEXvwAoCpgPA244_244]_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarker1966">Barker 1966</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiJljEXvwAoC&pg=PA244">244</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraida2012183-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraida2012183_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraida2012183_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBraida2012">Braida 2012</a>, p. 183.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeters2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHYJ2c9E9IM8CpgPA191_191]-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeters2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidHYJ2c9E9IM8CpgPA191_191]_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeters2003">Peters 2003</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HYJ2c9E9IM8C&pg=PA191">191</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAkopian2017" class="citation book cs1">Akopian, Arman (11 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463238933-022/html">"19. Syriacs under Arab-Muslim domination"</a>. Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies. Gorgias Press. pp. 307–314. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31826%2F9781463238933-022">10.31826/9781463238933-022</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4632-3893-3</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015160255/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.31826/9781463238933-022/html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 15 October 2022.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraida2012182-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraida2012182_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBraida2012">Braida 2012</a>, p. 182.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllenblum2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiYgyRyL97oCpgPA53_53]-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEllenblum2006[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoiYgyRyL97oCpgPA53_53]_114-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEllenblum2006">Ellenblum 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oiYgyRyL97oC&pg=PA53">53</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBraida2012185,_186-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBraida2012185,_186_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBraida2012">Braida 2012</a>, pp. 185, 186.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrock2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXzOMAgAAQBAJpgPA13_13]-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrock2010[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXzOMAgAAQBAJpgPA13_13]_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrock2010">Brock 2010</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XzOMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">13</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEal-Bagdadi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlZUBZlth2qgCpgPA280_280]-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEal-Bagdadi2008[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlZUBZlth2qgCpgPA280_280]_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFal-Bagdadi2008">al-Bagdadi 2008</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lZUBZlth2qgC&pg=PA280">280</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGzZQGgQOF9cCpgPA185_185]-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGzZQGgQOF9cCpgPA185_185]_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2007[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidGzZQGgQOF9cCpgPA185_185]_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold2007">Arnold 2007</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzZQGgQOF9cC&pg=PA185">185</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroupeau1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0_wUAAAAIAAJpgPA308_308]-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroupeau1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0_wUAAAAIAAJpgPA308_308]_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTroupeau1987">Troupeau 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA308">308</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeldCummings2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfOlgDwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeldCummings2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidfOlgDwAAQBAJpgPA298_298]_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeldCummings2018">Held & Cummings 2018</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOlgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA298">298</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorrell1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0_wUAAAAIAAJpgPA308_308]-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorrell1987[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid0_wUAAAAIAAJpgPA308_308]_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorrell1987">Correll 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0_wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA308">308</a>.

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<li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShehadeh2011" class="citation book cs1">Shehadeh, Lamia Rustum (2011). "The name of Syria in ancient and modern usage". In Beshara, Adel (ed.). The Origins of Syrian Nationhood. Routledge. p. 22.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Groiss-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Groiss_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groiss_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Groiss_123-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFGroiss2011" class="citation book cs1">Groiss, Arnon (2011). "Communalism as a factor in the rise of the Syria idea in the 1800s and the early 1900s". In Beshara, Adel (ed.). The Origins of Syrian Nationhood. Routledge. pp. 37–38.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Zisser-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zisser_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zisser_124-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFZisser2011" class="citation book cs1">Zisser, Eyal (2011). "Rashid Rida. On the way to Syrian nationalism in the shade of Islam and Arabism". In Beshara, Adel (ed.). The Origins of Syrian Nationhood. Routledge. pp. 134. 137.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Salhi-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salhi_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salhi_125-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFSalhi2011" class="citation book cs1">Salhi, Muhannad (2011). "Faysal. The first king of Syria". In Beshara, Adel (ed.). The Origins of Syrian Nationhood. Routledge. p. 255.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDawisha" class="citation book cs1">Dawisha, Adeed. Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair. Princeton University Press. p. 46.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGelvin1999" class="citation book cs1">Gelvin, James L. (1999). Divided Loyalties. Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire. University of California Press. pp. 51, 287–298.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFZisser2006" class="citation journal cs1">Zisser, Eyal (2006). "Who's Afraid of Syrian Nationalism? National and State Identity in Syria". Middle Eastern Studies. 42 (2). Routledge: 189. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263200500417512">10.1080/00263200500417512</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142992865">142992865</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMa'os2011" class="citation book cs1">Ma'os, Moshe (2011). "The Emergence of Modern Syria". In Ma'os, Moshe; Yanic, Avner (eds.). Syria Under Assad: Domestic Constraints and Regional Risks. Routledge. p. 14.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaberPlattBadroXue2011-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaberPlattBadroXue2011_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberPlattBadroXue2011">Haber et al. 2011</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerry2007">Perry 2007</a>. Quote:"The marker, known as the J2 haplogroup, was found in an unusually high proportion among Lebanese, Palestinians and Syrians tested by Zalloua during more than five years of research. He tested 1,000 people in the region."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshallDasPiroozniaElhaik2016">Marshall et al. 2016</a>. Quote:"The mixed Near Eastern–Middle Eastern localisation of the Druze, shown using both modern and ancient DNA data, is distinct from that of neighboring Syrians, Palestinians and most of the Lebanese, who exhibit a high affinity to the Levant."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshallDasPiroozniaElhaik2016">Marshall et al. 2016</a>. Quote:" Druze exhibited genetic similarity to Chalcolithic and Bronze Age Armenians and a Chalcolithic Anatolian. In that study, Druze clustered remotely from all Bronze Age and Neolithic Levantines, whereas Jews, Assyrians, Syrians and a few Lebanese clustered with Levantine populations."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberGauguierYouhannaPatterson2013">Haber et al. 2013</a>. Quote:"Our estimates show that the Levantine and the Arabian Peninsula/East African components diverged ~23,700–15,500 y.a., while the Levantine and European components diverged ~15,900–9,100 y.a."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberGauguierYouhannaPatterson2013">Haber et al. 2013</a>. Quote:1-"ADMIXTURE identifies at K = 10 an ancestral component (light green) with a geographically restricted distribution representing ~50% of the individual component in Ethiopians, Yemenis, Saudis, and Bedouins, decreasing towards the Levant, with higher frequency (~25%) in Syrians, Jordanians, and Palestinians, compared with other Levantines (4%–20%). The geographical distribution pattern of this component (Figure 4A, 4B) correlates with the pattern of the Islamic expansion, but its presence in Lebanese Christians, Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews, Cypriots and Armenians might suggest that its spread to the Levant could also represent an earlier event." 2-"Besides this component, the most frequent ancestral component (shown in dark blue) in the Levantines (42–68%) is also present, at lower frequencies, in Europe and Central Asia."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFernandesTriskaPereiraAlshamali2015">Fernandes et al. 2015</a>. Quote:1-"In the Near East, we included Iraq, Jordan, Israel/Palestine, Turkey, Lebanon and Syria." 2-"Here it is already possible to distinguish between a Southwest Asian/Caucasian and an Arabian/North African component; these two components have similar proportions of ~30% each in Yemen and UAE, but the Arabian/North African proportion increases to 52–60% in Saudi and Bedouin. In Near Eastern populations, correspondingly, the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component rises to ~50% and the Arabian/North African cluster decreases to ~20–30%, even in Palestinians (similar to the Samaritans and some of the Druze), highlighting their primarily indigenous origin, with the most extreme values for the Druze, carrying the Southwest Asian/Caucasian component at ~80%."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEl-SibaiPlattHaberXue2009">El‐Sibai et al. 2009</a>. Quote:"J1 frequencies in Syria, Akka and Jordan were more comparable to Lebanon than to the remaining Arabic countries (58.3% in Qatar and 72.5% in Yemen; Fig. 2G")

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeminoPassarinoOefnerLin2000-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeminoPassarinoOefnerLin2000_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeminoPassarinoOefnerLin2000">Semino et al. 2000</a>.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjejAlmawiArnaiz-VillenaHattab2018">Hajjej et al. 2018</a>. Quote:"Using genetic distances, correspondence analysis and NJ trees, we showed earlier [61, 62] and in this study that Palestinians, Syrians, Lebanese and Jordanians are closely related to each other."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjejAlmawiArnaiz-VillenaHattab2018">Hajjej et al. 2018</a>. Quote:"The strong relatedness between Levant Arab populations is explained by their common ancestry, the ancient Canaanites, who came either from Africa or Arabian Peninsula via Egypt in 3300 BC [97], and settled in Levant lowlands after collapse of Ghassulian civilization in 3800–3350 BC [98]. The relatedness is also attributed to the close geographical proximity, which constituted one territory before 19th century British and French colonization."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberGauguierYouhannaPatterson2013">Haber et al. 2013</a>. Quote:"Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberPlattBadroXue2011">Haber et al. 2011</a>. Quote:"Syria is contained within the range of variation of the Lebanese samples. West Syrian samples lie closest to LN Sunnis, and not far from LN, LB, and LM Maronites."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadroDouaihyHaberYouhanna2013">Badro et al. 2013</a>. Quote:"The haplogroups' geographical distribution shows affinity between the Northern Levant (modern day Lebanon and Syria) and Europe with clear distinctions between the Levant and the Arabian Peninsula with regards to Africa (Fig. 1, Table 1). The main mtDNA haplogroups for both Europe and the Northern Levant are H and R*."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadroDouaihyHaberYouhanna2013">Badro et al. 2013</a>. Quote:"Yemenis and Saudis both associate strongly with Egyptians, whereas the Jordanian, Lebanese, Palestinian, and Syrian populations clustered together."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarshallDasPiroozniaElhaik2016">Marshall et al. 2016</a>. Quote:"Druze and Syrians possess a significantly larger amount of the Northern European component (X = 7%) when compared with their neighbouring populations, such as Palestinians (X = 5%) and Lebanese and Bedouins (X = 2%)."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjejAlmawiArnaiz-VillenaHattab2018">Hajjej et al. 2018</a>. Quote:"On the contrary, key differences were noted between Levant Arabs (Lebanese, Palestinians, Syrians), and other Arab populations, highlighted by high frequencies of A*24, B*35, DRB1*11:01, DQB1*03:01, and DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01 haplotype in Levantine Arabs compared to other Arab populations."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjejAlmawiArnaiz-VillenaHattab2018">Hajjej et al. 2018</a>. Quote:"Syrians are genetically close to Eastern Mediterranean, as Cretans (−0.0001) and Lebanese Armenians (0.0050)."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammerReddWoodBonner2000">Hammer et al. 2000</a>. Quote:"This Jewish cluster was interspersed with the Palestinian and Syrian populations, whereas the other Middle Eastern non-Jewish populations (Saudi Arabians, Lebanese, and Druze) closely surrounded it."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHajjejAlmawiArnaiz-VillenaHattab2018">Hajjej et al. 2018</a>. Quote:1-"The extent of gene Arab exchange with these autochthonous groups is undetermined but is thought to be lower than religious/cultural influence." 2-"On the other hand, Levant Arabs are distant from Saudis, Kuwaitis, and Yeminis, an indication that the contribution of the Arabian Peninsula populations to Levantine gene pool is low, probably due to the absence of the demographic aspect of 7th century invasion."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberGauguierYouhannaPatterson2013">Haber et al. 2013</a>. Quote:1-"We show that religious affiliation had a strong impact on the genomes of the Levantines. In particular, conversion of the region's populations to Islam appears to have introduced major rearrangements in populations' relations through admixture with culturally similar but geographically remote populations, leading to genetic similarities between remarkably distant populations like Jordanians, Moroccans, and Yemenis. Conversely, other populations, like Christians and Druze, became genetically isolated in the new cultural environment. We reconstructed the genetic structure of the Levantines and found that a pre-Islamic expansion Levant was more genetically similar to Europeans than to Middle Easterners." 2-"The predominantly Muslim populations of Syrians, Palestinians and Jordanians cluster on branches with other Muslim populations as distant as Morocco and Yemen." 3-Lebanese Christians and all Druze cluster together, and Lebanese Muslims are extended towards Syrians, Palestinians, and Jordanians, which are close to Saudis and Bedouins."

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CIA_-_TWF-152"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_-_TWF_152-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/">"The World Factbook"</a>. Cia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116110927/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKamīl_Manṣūr,_Leila_Tarazi_Fawaz2009" class="citation book cs1">Kamīl Manṣūr, Leila Tarazi Fawaz (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o51FWqrYp84C&pg=PA2">Transformed Landscapes: Essays on Palestine and the Middle East in Honor of Walid Khalidi</a>. American Univ in Cairo Press. p. 2. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9789774162473</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826133623/https://books.google.com/books?id=o51FWqrYp84C&pg=PA2">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGeorge_N._Atiyeh,_Ibrahim_M._Oweiss1988" class="citation book cs1">George N. Atiyeh, Ibrahim M. Oweiss (8 July 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HcFbVUerh1oC&pg=PA299">Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses: Studies in Honor of Dr. Constantine Zurayk</a>. SUNY Press. p. 299. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780887066993</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230826133631/https://books.google.com/books?id=HcFbVUerh1oC&pg=PA299">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2023. Retrieved 14 November 2015.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108493.htm">"Syria"</a>. State.gov. 19 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404045345/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108493.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16108755">"Guide: Syria's diverse minorities"</a>. BBC News. 9 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404010842/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16108755">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2018.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFDerhally2011" class="citation news cs1">Derhally, Massoud A. (7 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-06/damascus-jews-restore-synagogues-as-syria-seeks-secular-image.html">"Jews in Damascus Restore Synagogues as Syria Tries to Foster Secular Image"</a>. <a href="Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141209174013/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-06/damascus-jews-restore-synagogues-as-syria-seeks-secular-image.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 8 May 2011. <q>The project, which began in December, will be completed this month as part of a plan to restore 10 synagogues with the backing of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad and funding from Syrian Jews.</q></cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFBadroDouaihyHaberYouhanna2013" class="citation journal cs1">Badro, Danielle A.; Douaihy, Bouchra; Haber, Marc; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Salloum, Angélique; Ghassibe-Sabbagh, Michella; et al. (30 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3559847">"Y-Chromosome and mtDNA Genetics Reveal Significant Contrasts in Affinities of Modern Middle Eastern Populations with European and African Populations"</a>. PLOS ONE. 8 (1): e54616. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...854616B">2013PLoSO...854616B</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0054616">10.1371/journal.pone.0054616</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3559847">3559847</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23382925">23382925</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHaberPlattBadroXue2011" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Platt, Daniel E.; Badro, Danielle A.; Xue, Yali; El-Sibai, Mirvat; Bonab, Maziar Ashrafian; et al. (1 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062011">"Influences of History, Geography, and Religion on Genetic Structure: the Maronites in Lebanon"</a>. European Journal of Human Genetics. 19 (3): 334–340. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fejhg.2010.177">10.1038/ejhg.2010.177</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3062011">3062011</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21119711">21119711</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEl-SibaiPlattHaberXue2009" class="citation journal cs1">El-Sibai, Mirvat; Platt, Daniel E.; Haber, Marc; Xue, Yali; Youhanna, Sonia C.; Wells, R. Spencer; et al. (16 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312577">"Geographical Structure of the Y-chromosomal Genetic Landscape of the Levant: A coastal-inland contrast"</a>. Annals of Human Genetics. 73 (6): 568–581. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1809.2009.00538.x">10.1111/j.1469-1809.2009.00538.x</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3312577">3312577</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19686289">19686289</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSeminoPassarinoOefnerLin2000" class="citation journal cs1">Semino, O.; Passarino, G; Oefner, PJ; Lin, AA; Arbuzova, S; Beckman, LE; et al. (2000). "The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective". Science. 290 (5494): 1155–9. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...290.1155S">2000Sci...290.1155S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.290.5494.1155">10.1126/science.290.5494.1155</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11073453">11073453</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:People_of_Syria" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:People of Syria">People of Syria</a> at Wikimedia Commons

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everyculture.com/Sa-Th/Syria.html#ixzz2qDT57tij">Syrian people, Every Culture</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150803050245/http://www.syrianhistory.com/en">Photos and images of Syrian people, Syrian History – Online</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mideastimage.com/">Collections of images of Eastern Mediterranean people, including Syrian people, Mideast Image</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/150420/Damascus/276647/People,">Syrian people, Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Syrian_opposition&#124;link=Syrian_opposition_Syrians_and_diaspora180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Syrian_opposition" title="Syrian opposition"></a> and <a href="Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_Argentines" title="Syrian Argentines">Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Brazilians" title="Syrian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Canadians" title="Syrian Canadians">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Colombians" title="Syrian Colombians">Colombia</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Haitians" title="Syrian Haitians">Haiti</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Mexicans" title="Syrian Mexicans">Mexico</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">United States</a>

<li><a href="Syrian_Uruguayans" title="Syrian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Venezuelan" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Venezuelan">Venezuela</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrians_in_Jordan" title="Syrians in Jordan">Jordan</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Kuwait" title="Syrians in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Lebanon" title="Syrians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Syrians in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Turkey" title="Syrians in Turkey">Turkey</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Syrians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%A5%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" class="extiw external" title="jp:在日シリア人">Japan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrians_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrians in France">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrians in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Denmark" title="Syrians in Denmark">Denmark</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Finland" title="Syrians in Finland">Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Austria" title="Syrians in Austria">Austria</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Germany" title="Syrians in Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrians in Greece">Greece</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Norway" title="Syrians in Norway">Norway</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_Sweden" title="Syrians in Sweden">Sweden</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Syrians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_Australians" title="Syrian Australians">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_New_Zealanders" title="Syrian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ghanaian_Arabs" title="Ghanaian Arabs">Ghana</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Syria_articles371" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syria_articles371" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="History_of_Syria" title="History of Syria">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Syrian_history" title="Timeline of Syrian history">Timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_years_in_Syria" title="List of years in Syria">Years in Syria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistorical Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">Levantine corridor</a></li>

<li><a href="Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li>

<li><a href="Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li>

<li><a href="Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a></li>

<li><a href="Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Aswad</a></li>

<li><a href="Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Ancient_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Syria">Ancient Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a></li>

<li><a href="Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a></li>

<li><a href="Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a></li>

<li><a href="Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Yamhad" title="Yamhad">Yamhad</a></li>

<li><a href="Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a></li>

<li><a href="Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a></li>

<li><a href="Aram-Damascus" title="Aram-Damascus">Aram-Damascus</a></li>

<li><a href="Syro-Hittite_states" title="Syro-Hittite states">Syro-Hittite states</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Eber-Nari" title="Eber-Nari">Achaemenid Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Seleucid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid Syria">Seleucid Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Palmyrene_Empire" title="Palmyrene Empire">Palmyrene Empire</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Medieval_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Syria">Medieval Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest</a> (636)</li>

<li><a href="Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Caliphal Syria (Bilad al-Sham)</a></li>

<li><a href="Tulunid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunid dynasty">Tulunid dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Ikhshidid_dynasty" title="Ikhshidid dynasty">Ikhshidid dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Zangid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zangid dynasty">Zangid dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamdanid_dynasty" title="Hamdanid dynasty">Hamdanid dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirdasid_dynasty" title="Mirdasid dynasty">Mirdasid dynasty</a></li>

<li><a href="Fatimid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimid Syria">Fatimid Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Saljuqid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Saljuqid Syria">Saljuqid Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a>

<ul><li><a href="County_of_Edessa" title="County of Edessa">County of Edessa</a></li>

<li><a href="Principality_of_Antioch" title="Principality of Antioch">Principality of Antioch</a></li>

<li><a href="County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ayyubid_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayyubid Syria">Ayyubid Syria</a> (1174–1260)</li>

<li><a href="Mamluk_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Syria">Mamluk Syria</a> (1260–1516)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> (1516–1918)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Modern_history_of_Syria" title="Modern history of Syria">Modern Syria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Arab kingdom</a> (1920)</li>

<li><a href="Haj_Fadel_Government" title="Haj Fadel Government">Haj Fadel Government</a></li>

<li><a href="Mandate_for_Syria_and_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate for Syria and Lebanon">French Mandate</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_Federation" title="Syrian Federation">Syrian Federation</a> (1922–25)</li>

<li><a href="State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> (1925–30)</li>

<li><a href="Mandatory_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandatory Syrian Republic">Mandatory Republic</a> (1930–46)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Independent_First_Syrian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent First Syrian Republic">independent First Republic</a> (1946–50)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Syrian_Republic" title="Second Syrian Republic">Second Republic</a> (1950–1963)</li>

<li><a href="Ba'athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Ba'athist Syria</a> (1963–2024)

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Civil war</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_caretaker_government" title="Syrian caretaker government">Post-Assad Syria</a> (2024–present)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Geography_of_Syria" title="Geography of Syria">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Borders</li>

<li><a href="List_of_cities_in_Syria" title="List of cities in Syria">Cities</a></li>

<li><a href="Districts_of_Syria" title="Districts of Syria">Districts</a></li>

<li><a href="Governorates_of_Syria" title="Governorates of Syria">Governorates</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_rivers_of_Syria" title="List of rivers of Syria">Rivers</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_volcanoes_in_Syria" title="List of volcanoes in Syria">Volcanoes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Al-Jazira%2C_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Jazira, Mesopotamia">Al-Jazira</a></li>

<li><a href="Anti-Lebanon_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Lebanon Mountains">Anti-Lebanon Mountains</a></li>

<li><a href="Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a></li>

<li><a href="Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></li>

<li><a href="Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a></li>

<li><a href="Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Hermon</a></li>

<li><a href="Orontes_River" title="Orontes River">Orontes</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Desert" title="Syrian Desert">Syrian Desert</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li>

<li><a href="Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Southern Syria</a></li>

<li><a href="Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li>

<li><a href="Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Government_of_Syria" title="Government of Syria">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Constitution_of_Syria" title="Constitution of Syria">Constitution</a></li>

<li><a href="Corruption_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Corruption in Syria">Corruption</a></li>

<li><a href="President_of_Syria" title="President of Syria">President</a>

<li><a href="Vice_President_of_Syria" title="Vice President of Syria">Vice President</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Ministers_(Syria)" title="Council of Ministers (Syria)">Council of Ministers</a>

<ul><li><a href="Prime_Minister_of_Syria" title="Prime Minister of Syria">Prime Minister</a>

<li><a href="Elections_in_Syria" title="Elections in Syria">Elections</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Syria" title="Foreign relations of Syria">Foreign relations</a>

<ul><li><a href="Golan_Heights#Territorial_claims" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights claim</a></li>

<li><a href="Hatay_Province#Turkish–Syrian_dispute" title="Hatay Province">Iskandaron</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Government_ministries_of_Syria" title="Government ministries of Syria">Government ministries</a></li>

<li><a href="Human_rights_in_Syria" title="Human rights in Syria">Human rights</a>

<li><a href="Judiciary_of_Syria" title="Judiciary of Syria">Judiciary</a>

<ul><li><a href="Supreme_Judicial_Council_of_Syria" title="Supreme Judicial Council of Syria">Supreme Judicial Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Syria" title="Supreme Constitutional Court of Syria">Supreme Constitutional Court</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="People's_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Council of Syria">Parliament</a>

<ul><li><a href="Speaker_of_the_People's_Council_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the People's Council of Syria">Speakers</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_political_parties_in_Syria" title="List of political parties in Syria">Political parties</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ba'ath_Party" title="Ba'ath Party">Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party</a>

<ul><li><a href="Ba'ath_Party_(Syrian-dominated_faction)" title="Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction)">national</a> / <a href="Arab_Socialist_Ba'ath_Party_%E2%80%93_Syria_Region" title="Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region">regional command</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="National_Progressive_Front_(Syria)" title="National Progressive Front (Syria)">National Progressive Front</a></li>

<li><a href="Popular_Front_for_Change_and_Liberation" title="Popular Front for Change and Liberation">Popular Front for Change and Liberation</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Status_of_the_Golan_Heights" class="mw-redirect" title="Status of the Golan Heights">Political status of the Golan Heights</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Nationalism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria (region)</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Terrorism_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism in Syria">Terrorism</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Military_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Syria">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Syrian_Air_Force" title="Syrian Air Force">Air force</a>

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_Air_Defense_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Air Defense Force">air defense</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Syria)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Syria)">Chief of the General Staff</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Syria and weapons of mass destruction">Weapons of mass destruction</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Economy_of_Syria" title="Economy of Syria">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Agriculture_in_Syria" title="Agriculture in Syria">Agriculture</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_Bank_of_Syria" title="Central Bank of Syria">Central Bank</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_companies_of_Syria" title="List of companies of Syria">Companies</a></li>

<li><a href="Industry_in_Syria" title="Industry in Syria">Industry</a></li>

<li><a href="International_rankings_of_Syria" title="International rankings of Syria">International rankings</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_pound" title="Syrian pound">Pound (currency)</a></li>

<li><a href="Damascus_Securities_Exchange" title="Damascus Securities Exchange">Securities Exchange (stock exchange)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Economy_of_Syria#Energy_and_mineral_resources" title="Economy of Syria">Energy and mineral resources</a>

<ul><li><a href="Electricity_in_Syria" title="Electricity in Syria">Electricity sector</a></li>

<li><a href="Petroleum_industry_in_Syria" title="Petroleum industry in Syria">Petroleum industry</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Telecommunications</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_in_Syria" title="Transport in Syria">Transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Syria" title="Water supply and sanitation in Syria">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Censorship_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship in Syria">Censorship</a></li>

<li><a href="Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a></li>

<li><a href="Education_in_Syria" title="Education in Syria">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Health_in_Syria" title="Health in Syria">Health</a></li>

<li><a href="Hunger_in_Syria" title="Hunger in Syria">Hunger</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Syrian_diaspora" title="Syrian diaspora">diaspora</a></li>

<li><a href="Refugees_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees of the Syrian Civil War">refugees (2011–present)</a></li>

<li><a href="Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">women</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_holidays_in_Syria" title="Public holidays in Syria">Public holidays</a></li>

<li><a href="Scouts_of_Syria" title="Scouts of Syria">Scouting</a></li>

<li><a href="Squatting_in_Syria" title="Squatting in Syria">Squatting</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="%E1%B8%A4um%C4%81t_ad-Diy%C4%81r" title="Ḥumāt ad-Diyār">Anthem</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="Syrian_wine" title="Syrian wine">wine</a>)</li>

<li><a href="List_of_Syrian_films" title="List of Syrian films">Films</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_media_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media in Syria">Media</a>

<ul><li><a href="General_Organization_of_Radio_and_TV_(Syria)" title="General Organization of Radio and TV (Syria)">State</a></li>

<li><a href="Television_in_Syria" title="Television in Syria">television</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Syria" title="Music of Syria">Music</a></li>

<li><a href="Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religion</a></li>

<li><a href="Smoking_in_Syria" title="Smoking in Syria">Smoking</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="Outline_of_Syria" title="Outline of Syria">Outline</a></li></ul></div>

<ul><li>Category</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_Syria258" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demographics_of_Syria258" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Demographics</a> of <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Christianity_in_Syria" title="Christianity in Syria">Christianity</a>

<ul><li><a href="Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_Syria" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in Syria">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>

<ul><li><a href="Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch">Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Syriac Orthodox Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Orthodox Church</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Catholic_Church_in_Syria" title="Catholic Church in Syria">Catholic Church in Syria</a>

<ul><li><a href="Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite Greek Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian Catholic Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li>

<li><a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Islam_in_Syria" title="Islam in Syria">Islam</a>

<ul><li><a href="Sunni_Islam_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Syria">Sunni</a></li>

<li><a href="Alawites_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawites in Syria">Alawites</a></li>

<li><a href="Ismailis_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismailis in Syria">Ismailis</a></li>

<li><a href="Druze_in_Syria" title="Druze in Syria">Druze</a>1</li></ul></li></ul>

<li><a href="Yazidis_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazidis in Syria">Yazidis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Albanians_in_Syria" title="Albanians in Syria">Albanians</a></li>

<li>

<ul><li><a href="Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Armenians_in_Syria" title="Armenians in Syria">Armenians</a></li>

<li><a href="Assyrians_in_Syria" title="Assyrians in Syria">Assyrians</a></li>

<li><a href="Black_people_of_Yarmouk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Black people of Yarmouk Basin">Black people of Yarmouk Basin</a></li>

<li><a href="Bosniaks_in_Syria" title="Bosniaks in Syria">Bosniaks</a></li>

<li><a href="Chechens_in_Syria" title="Chechens in Syria">Chechens</a></li>

<li><a href="Circassians_in_Syria" title="Circassians in Syria">Circassians</a></li>

<li><a href="Doms_in_Syria" title="Doms in Syria">Dom/Nawar (Gypsy)</a></li>

<li><a href="Greeks_in_Syria" title="Greeks in Syria">Greeks</a></li>

<li><a href="Kurds_in_Syria" title="Kurds in Syria">Kurds</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_people_in_Syria" title="Lebanese people in Syria">Lebanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Turkmens/Turkomans (Turks)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Greeks_in_Syria" title="Greeks in Syria">Greeks</a></li>

<li><a href="Iranians_in_Syria" title="Iranians in Syria">Iranians</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraqis_in_Syria" title="Iraqis in Syria">Iraqis</a></li>

<li><a href="Lebanese_people_in_Syria" title="Lebanese people in Syria">Lebanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Pakistanis_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Syria">Pakistanis</a></li>

<li><a href="Palestinians_in_Syria" title="Palestinians in Syria">Palestinians</a></li>

<li><a href="Venezuelans_in_Syria" title="Venezuelans in Syria">Venezuelans</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1 Under the terms of the Syrian Constitution the Druze community is designated as a part of the Syrian Muslim community.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1732" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q878607#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1732" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1141359">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85131719">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048392h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12048392h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph965653&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007556050305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10646268">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/9a5f41ed-0b94-4944-88bd-7580f945f269">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-08-05" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Syrians&oldid=1304364256">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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